What is controlled environment agriculture (CEA)?

Controlled Environment Agriculture is the practice of growing plants, fungi or aquatic species in fully-enclosed indoor facilities where temperature, humidity, CO2, lighting and airflow are precisely managed. The category covers commercial greenhouses (semi-enclosed with supplementary climate control), vertical farms (fully enclosed multi-tier hydroponic), cannabis cultivation (highly regulated, narrow VPD windows), mushroom production (95% RH, anti-fungal-tolerant) and indoor recirculating aquaculture systems (high humidity, ammonia atmosphere). All five share an HVAC ductwork challenge that commercial-office duct cannot solve: continuous condensation, biological corrosion, and washdown chemistry combine to destroy galvanized steel within 18-36 months.

Why does CEA HVAC require stainless steel duct?

CEA facilities run at 60-95% relative humidity continuously, depending on crop. Galvanized steel duct in this environment fails in three ways: (1) condensation on the duct exterior strips zinc within 12 months, exposing carbon steel that then rusts and contaminates supply air; (2) ammonia from plant respiration, fish waste in RAS, or mushroom substrate accelerates galvanic corrosion; (3) cleaning chemistry (peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide vapour) is incompatible with zinc coating. 304 stainless steel is the minimum specification for indoor agriculture; 316 stainless is required where chlorides are present (RAS marine aquaculture, certain mushroom CIP cycles). The duct machinery must run stainless coil at reduced speed with stainless-compatible lubrication and produce welded longitudinal seams instead of Pittsburgh-lock.

What surface finish does CEA duct require?

For pharmaceutical-grade cannabis cultivation under GMP (Australia ODC, Health Canada GPP, EU GMP Annex 7), surface roughness of Ra 0.8 micrometres or better is required on duct surfaces in the cultivation room. For mushroom plants and greenhouses, 2B mill finish stainless (approximately Ra 0.4 to 0.6 µm) without additional polishing is the typical specification. For RAS aquaculture, crevice-free welded construction is more critical than polish — biofilm in seams is a biosecurity failure mode that can transfer pathogens between tanks. SBKJ TIG seam welders deliver welded seams that are then ground flush and passivated to restore corrosion resistance.

How much dehumidification capacity does cannabis cultivation need?

Mature cannabis plants in flower stage transpire 4 to 6 litres of water per square metre per day. A 1000 m² flower room therefore requires 4000 to 6000 litres per day of dehumidification capacity, equivalent to roughly 170 to 250 kg/h of moisture removal. The HVAC supply duct has to handle this latent load through reheating coils integrated downstream of cooling — and the duct itself must be sealed to SMACNA Class A or better, because any leakage above the dewpoint will condense in the wall cavity, drip onto plants and trigger Botrytis (grey mould) outbreaks that can write off an entire harvest. The machine fabricating the duct must produce sealed-seam construction; lock-form duct alone is insufficient.

What standards govern CEA HVAC ductwork?

There is no single standard. Cannabis facilities reference Australia ODC Manufacturing Standards, Health Canada Good Production Practices Guide, EU GMP Annex 7, ASHRAE 170 for air change rates, and ASHRAE 62.1 for outdoor air. Mushroom and greenhouse plants reference EHEDG Doc 8 for hygienic design, NCC Section J for energy efficiency in Australia, ASHRAE 62.2 for residential-style growing spaces. RAS aquaculture references the WOAH Aquatic Animal Health Code and AS 5023 (Australia biosecurity). Vertical farming references the GLOBALG.A.P. IFA standard. The common denominator across all of them is stainless steel, welded seams, sealed construction and traceable mill certification — the same machine configuration that food processing demands.

Does SBKJ supply CEA-capable duct machinery?

Yes. The SBAL-V auto duct line and the SBTF-1602, SBTF-2020 and SBTF-1502 spiral tubeformers are all available in stainless-capable configurations with upgraded forming rollers, reduced-speed cutting, stainless-compatible lubrication and PTFE-lined coil drives. SBKJ has shipped CEA-configured stainless duct lines to greenhouse builders in the Netherlands, vertical farm integrators in Singapore, cannabis facility contractors in Canada and Australia, mushroom plant builders in the US, and RAS aquaculture system integrators in Norway. The stainless configuration adds roughly 12 to 18 percent to the base machine price and extends lead time by 15 to 20 days. SBKJ engineering supports trial-coil validation, weld parameter qualification (WPQR), and on-site commissioning to verify the duct meets the project specification before serial production starts.

What is the lead time for stainless CEA duct machinery?

Standard galvanized SBAL-V lead time is 35 to 45 working days FCA from SBKJ. The stainless configuration adds 15 to 20 working days for upgraded rollers, lubrication system, and material certificate compilation. Total lead time for a CEA-configured SBAL-V is therefore 50 to 65 working days, plus shipping. For most Australian and European projects this puts dock-to-dock at roughly 4 months from purchase order. SBKJ ships from a single Australian-managed export entity and supplies machine commissioning, operator training and 12-month commissioning support. Facilities targeting EU GMP licensing should add a further 30 days to the project schedule for facility validation (IQ/OQ/PQ) after duct installation.

Can the same duct machine run cannabis, mushroom and RAS work?

Yes, with material qualification. The SBAL-V stainless configuration runs both 304 and 316 stainless coil from the same forming rollers; the only practical change between projects is coil grade and seam welding parameters (which are recipe-driven on the SBKJ HMI). One machine can therefore support a contractor who handles greenhouse work in summer, cannabis cultivation buildouts in autumn, and RAS aquaculture conversions in winter — provided weld parameter qualifications are completed for each material grade upfront. SBKJ provides WPQR documentation for 304-2B and 316-2B at thicknesses 0.6 mm to 1.5 mm; thicker stainless requires field qualification on the project.

Industry

HVAC Duct Machinery for Controlled Environment Agriculture

Controlled Environment Agriculture — greenhouses, vertical farms, cannabis cultivation facilities, mushroom growing rooms, indoor recirculating aquaculture — runs at humidity levels (60–95 % RH) and chemistry conditions (CIP, peracetic acid, ammonia, chlorides) that destroy galvanized steel ductwork within 18–36 months. This page covers the standards, the material and finish requirements, the SBKJ machine configurations most-specified for each crop type, and how to scope a CEA-capable auto duct line that delivers stainless welded-seam ductwork the regulator and the harvest yield will both sign off on.

Maintained by SBKJ Engineering Team · Published May 9, 2026 · Reviewed by SBKJ Senior Engineers

Why CEA HVAC duct is different

Conventional HVAC ductwork is a passive air conveyance problem — supply a given volume of conditioned air, return it, balance the pressure, done. CEA ductwork is also a biological-environment problem. The supply air that reaches a cannabis flower canopy, a mushroom pinning room, a vertical-farm grow tray or a RAS biofilter passes within centimetres of living plant tissue, fungal mycelium or aquatic species, and the duct interior surface is in continuous contact with high-humidity recirculated air laden with VOCs, terpenes, ammonia or fish waste aerosol. Anything that fails on the duct interior — rust, biofilm, condensation drip, fibre shedding from poorly-finished insulation — lands directly on the production crop and either contaminates it (cannabis recall, mushroom spoilage) or kills it (Botrytis outbreak, RAS pathogen transfer).

The result is a construction specification that looks closer to pharmaceutical or food processing than to commercial HVAC. CEA ductwork is 304 or 316 stainless steel, welded seam, sealed to SMACNA Class A or better, drainable, and fabricated from coil with a traceable mill certificate. The auto duct line that produces it must run stainless coil at reduced speed, deliver a continuous welded longitudinal seam (not a Pittsburgh lock), produce duct that holds pressure under the SMACNA leakage test at 250 Pa, and survive the cleaning chemistry the facility uses (peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide vapour). That is not a capability adjustment on a commercial machine — it is a different machine configuration, and the cost and lead-time delta between a galvanized SBAL-III and a CEA-grade SBAL-V is justified entirely by these requirements.

Five CEA verticals SBKJ supplies

The five CEA sub-categories share the high-humidity stainless requirement but differ in regulatory framework and the most-cited standards. SBKJ has dedicated technical guides for each:

Greenhouse / Protected Cropping — Tomato, capsicum, cucumber, leafy-green production. Glasshouse semi-enclosed; supplementary heat, dehumidification and CO2 enrichment. Standards: GLOBALG.A.P. IFA, EHEDG (where packing is on-site), AS 3666 (Australia cooling tower / water systems). Typical specification: 304 stainless, sealed-seam, 2B mill finish.
Vertical Farming / Indoor Hydroponic — Multi-tier leafy greens, herbs, microgreens. Fully enclosed, no daylight, LED-driven. Standards: GLOBALG.A.P., FDA Produce Safety Rule (US), ISO 22000 (where post-harvest processing occurs). Typical specification: 304 stainless or aluminised steel, low-leakage construction, integrated dehumidification.
Medicinal Cannabis Cultivation — Pharma-grade cultivation under licence (Australia ODC, Health Canada GPP, EU GMP Annex 7). Narrow VPD window, GMP-aligned construction, dedicated mother / clone / veg / flower / dry / cure rooms with separate HVAC zones. Standards: ODC Manufacturing Standards, EU GMP Annex 7, ASHRAE 170, USP <797> principles for clean air. Typical specification: 316 stainless, Ra 0.8 µm, fully welded, IQ/OQ/PQ-validated.
Mushroom & Fungi Cultivation — Agaricus, oyster, shiitake, lion's mane production. 95 % RH continuous, CO2 step changes between phases, peracetic acid CIP. Standards: EHEDG Doc 8, BRCGS (where downstream packing is on-site), HACCP. Typical specification: 316 stainless, fully sealed, drainable, anti-fungal-resistant insulation jacket.
Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) — Atlantic salmon, barramundi, prawn nurseries. Indoor tanks with biofilters; ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, salt aerosol. Standards: WOAH Aquatic Animal Health Code, AS 5023 (Australia biosecurity), Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP). Typical specification: 316L stainless mandatory, marine-grade welds, ammonia-resistant gaskets.

Standards most CEA projects reference

CEA HVAC duct sits at the intersection of pharmaceutical, food and biosecurity standards. The most commonly cited are:

ODC Manufacturing Standards (Australia, Office of Drug Control) — cannabis cultivation licence holders. Aligned with EU GMP Annex 7. Mandates traceable construction materials and validated environmental control.
Health Canada Good Production Practices (GPP) Guide — Canadian cannabis cultivation. Section 5 covers air handling and ductwork in production zones.
EU GMP Annex 7 (Manufacture of Herbal Medicinal Products) — European licensed cannabis cultivation and herbal medicine production. Covers cleanroom construction principles applied to cultivation.
EHEDG Doc 8 — Hygienic Design of Closed Equipment for Food Processing — mushroom, greenhouse and packing-house operations. Surface finish Ra 0.8 µm, crevice-free joints, drainable runs.
ASHRAE 170 — Ventilation of Health Care Facilities — the air change rate framework that licensed cannabis cultivation facilities adopt by analogy (typically 6–15 ACH).
ASHRAE 62.1 — Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality — outdoor air requirements for occupied CEA facilities.
WOAH Aquatic Animal Health Code (Chapter 4.4 — biosecurity) — RAS aquaculture facility design and air management.
AS 5023 — Animal welfare general standards (Australia) — aquaculture biosecurity and air management.
NCC Section J (Australia) — energy efficiency requirements that apply to non-residential CEA buildings (vertical farms, cannabis facilities, mushroom plants over 500 m²).
GLOBALG.A.P. Integrated Farm Assurance (IFA) — produce safety standard cited by European retailers; covers greenhouse and vertical farm post-harvest air quality.

For the duct machine selection decision, the practical impact across the entire stack is the same: 304 or 316 stainless coil, TIG-welded longitudinal seam, sealed to SMACNA Class A or better, drainable, mill-certificate traceable. A general-purpose galvanized SBAL-III cannot deliver any of that without retooling. CEA contractors who win licensed cultivation work specify a CEA-configured SBAL-V or an SBTF-1602 stainless spiral tubeformer from the start.

Zone-by-zone HVAC duct specification (cannabis facility example)

A typical 5,000 m² medicinal cannabis cultivation facility under Australia ODC licence breaks the airflow into 8 to 12 separate HVAC zones, each with its own duct construction specification:

Mother / clone room — 22 °C, 65 % RH, 800 ppm CO2, 6 ACH. 304 stainless supply duct, sealed-seam.
Veg room — 24 °C, 60 % RH, 1000 ppm CO2, 8 ACH. 304 stainless, sealed.
Flower room (week 1–3) — 26 °C, 55 % RH, 1200 ppm CO2, 10–12 ACH. 316 stainless preferred (CIP exposure), Ra 0.8 µm, fully welded.
Flower room (week 4–9) — 24 °C ramping to 20 °C, 50 % RH ramping to 40 % RH, 800 ppm CO2, 10–12 ACH. 316 stainless, fully welded, dedicated dehumidification capacity 200 kg/h per 1000 m².
Drying room — 18 °C, 55 % RH, 6 ACH. 316 stainless, fully welded, separate AHU (cross-contamination critical).
Curing / packaging — 18 °C, 60 % RH, ISO Class 8 cleanroom integration. 316 stainless, Ra 0.4 µm, fully welded, HEPA terminal.
Trim / extraction (where licensed) — explosion-rated zone if hydrocarbon extraction. 316 stainless plus EX-rated dampers, NFPA 36 compliant.
Corridors / staff change — 304 stainless or galvanized acceptable; sealed-seam not required.

Machine selection for CEA duct fabrication

SBKJ's CEA-configured machinery has been specified into greenhouse builds in the Netherlands, vertical farm projects in Singapore, cannabis facility buildouts in Canada and Australia, mushroom plants in the US, and RAS aquaculture conversions in Norway. The three machines most-quoted for CEA work:

SBAL-V auto duct line (stainless configuration) — rectangular duct from 304 or 316 coil, 0.6–1.5 mm. Reduced-speed cutting, stainless-compatible lubrication, PTFE-lined coil drives, integrated TIG seam welder. Output: rectangular duct in continuous welded-seam construction. Best for: cannabis facility supply trunks, mushroom plant production air, large greenhouse heating distribution.
SBTF-1602 spiral tubeformer (stainless configuration) — round spiral duct 200–1600 mm diameter, 304 or 316 coil, 0.6–1.5 mm. Continuous welded longitudinal seam, automatic seam grinding, passivation station option. Best for: vertical farm grow-room round supply, RAS aquaculture exhaust, mushroom phase rooms.
SBTF-2020 spiral tubeformer (large stainless) — spiral duct 400–2000 mm diameter for large greenhouse trunks, cannabis facility main risers. 316 stainless capable.
TIG seam welder (standalone) — for CEA contractors who only need welded-seam capability on existing rectangular duct lines. Pairs with SBAL-III to upgrade galvanized line to stainless capability without machine replacement.

Five mistakes first-time CEA contractors make

Quoting galvanized for a stainless specification. The single most common mistake. Cannabis, mushroom, RAS and high-humidity greenhouse work all reject galvanized at the duct submittal review. Re-quoting after award costs 4–8 weeks of project schedule and 30–50 % of margin. Read the specification carefully — if humidity exceeds 70 % RH continuously, or if any CIP chemistry is mentioned, assume stainless.
Specifying 304 where 316 is required. 304 stainless fails to chloride attack in RAS marine aquaculture and in cannabis facilities using sodium hypochlorite CIP. 316 stainless adds 25–30 % to coil cost but is the correct specification for any chloride-exposure environment.
Using Pittsburgh-lock seam where welded seam is required. Pittsburgh-lock has a crevice that retains biofilm and cannot be sanitised by standard CIP. Cannabis ODC inspections, mushroom EHEDG audits and RAS biosecurity inspections all reject Pittsburgh-lock in production zones. Welded-seam SBKJ duct is the path through compliance.
Underestimating dehumidification load. Cannabis flower rooms transpire 4–6 L/m²/day. Mushroom Phase 2 rooms run 95 % RH continuously. The HVAC system has to be sized for these latent loads, and the duct itself must be sealed to SMACNA Class A — any leakage condenses inside the wall cavity and triggers mould outbreaks. Specify pressure-tested, sealed-seam duct from the start.
Skipping the WPQR (Weld Procedure Qualification Record). Stainless welding parameters are material-, thickness- and shielding-gas-specific. Without a documented WPQR, the duct machine output is not auditable, and the regulator (ODC, FDA, Health Canada) can reject the entire installation. SBKJ supplies WPQR documentation for 304-2B and 316-2B at thicknesses 0.6 mm to 1.5 mm as part of the CEA-configured machine package.

Related SBKJ guides

Talk to SBKJ engineering

SBKJ engineering has supported CEA facility duct fabrication on five continents. We can help you:

Validate your duct specification against ODC, GPP, EU GMP, EHEDG or WOAH requirements
Scope a CEA-configured SBAL-V, SBTF-1602 or SBTF-2020 against your annual fabrication volume
Supply trial coil from your specified mill (304-2B, 316-2B, 316L) for forming and weld validation
Provide WPQR documentation, IQ/OQ/PQ commissioning support and operator training

Contact SBKJ engineering

Controlled-environment agriculture HVAC duct machinery across Australia

Locations SBKJ serves: Toowoomba, Adelaide, Hobart, Queensland, South Australia.

More from SBKJ: All industries · Machines · HVAC duct machinery in Australia · Request a quote.